Friday Factoids Catch-Up: Bringing a knife to a gun fight (with a bully!)–How solutions to bullying have not kept up with our times

We can all agree bullying is cruel, and social rejection is painful. Many of us have been victims of bullying, and know firsthand how difficult dealing with bullying and social rejection can be. It is harder and painstakingly difficult as a clinician (some of us parents ourselves) when we are guiding child clients through bullying experiences, and we face vicariously reliving these buried experiences. It can leave us feeling again overwhelmed and helpless. What is also interesting (and perhaps concerning) is that there seems to be a growing trend of parents seeking assistance from clinicians and other health care providers, to fill out documents for ‘Homebound’ status from schools citing “bullying” as reasons for requests.

 

For those of us unfamiliar with  educational Homebound status, it is a school based program where the state provides in-home tutoring by board certified teachers, 1-2 times per week on a temporary bases (typically ranging from 3-6 months and/or approximately 1 semester period) usually dedicated to medical and/or adverse behavioral circumstances. The belief perhaps by both victim and parents alike, is that the bullying would have subsided (or possibly found alternative new targets,) and the negative effects from the whole unwanted experience would have moderated by the beginning or fresh start of the next semester. Is this wishful thinking or innovative maneuvering?

 

While parents’ desperate attempts to finding alternative solutions to bullying problems through clinicians and services like Homebound sound a bit extreme, consider the fact that reported incidences of bullying have not only increased exponentially, but has also significantly evolved since most of our own experiences as children. Social media has serendipitously become the platform where bullies can become stronger and more empowered. Bullies have upped their ante, whereas the school systems appears to be struggling with an ineffective, outdated “Zero Tolerance” slogan, that is perhaps more comparable in deterring bullying as wearing a scarlet letter on one’s chest in today’s society.  Even the scripts seem to have not changed, remember: “Some people bully because they are bullied at home, and just looking to project that anger outwardly.”

 

As a child these statements were not comforting to me, and saying them to another child as an adult, seems significantly undermining to their experiences. Additionally, while schools are supposedly mandated to investigate incidences of bullying when reported, attaining evidence via social media outlets becomes hampered by tools such as “Snapchat,” in which the social media thumbprint “disappears” after being viewed. To add insult to emotional injury is the fact that the education system is not the only ones who have failed to keep up with the evolving intervention times. The field and persons specifically tasked with studying and predicting human behavior, have also failed to keep up with social media bullying issues. Clinicians and other behavioral health care providers lack the tools, resources and/or adequate trainings to solve this bullying epidemic.

 

As a parent, I became heartbroken after reading an article in the BBC, which accounted the ordeal of a father whose daughter committed suicide after being bullied for most of her teenage years. According to the article, the girl started being bullied at thirteen years old when she confided in a friend about her sexuality. The friend then betrayed the girl’s trust by letting others in the school know about her secret. That’s when other students at the girl’s school began to bully her. The bullying got so bad the girl left her school, but she continued to interact with her classmates through social media. According to her father, his daughter ‘just wanted to be loved—she wanted to show she was a good person’. In response to his daughter’s suicide, the father of the girl responded by taking a picture of what would have been his daughter’s 18th birthday, and posting it on social media. His goal was to raise awareness on the terrible effects of bullying.

 

As a child, I wanted bullying to stop. As a parent, I want to see an end to bullying more than ever. As a budding clinician in the behavioral field, I believe it is our ethical responsibility and hope to ‘do more’.  I greatly support the efforts to end bullying, and I am encouraged by the anti-bullying projects I now see—all of which were not around when I was a child. However, I believe we need a more comprehensive approach to combat bullying. For example, there are many messages that teach younger people why not to bully, but there should be more messages which teach younger people how to cope with bullying.

 

Finally, setting the example has always been the ideal path towards long-lasting change. Often times micro, passive, as well as relational social aggressions have a fixed place in our work environment. We tend to look at co-workers who have difficulty with such experiences as “weak” and stay clear of the situation, lest we be labeled or thought of as childish or immature. Grateful to be uninvolved in work conflict of any sort, we usually find solace in our apathy and inactiveness. “Bad things happen, when good people stand by and do nothing.” After all, isn’t a coworker or boss who exhibits workplace aggression, simply not a bully who has weathered the storms of times to become successful in their personal trade?

 

As a parent with a son entering his schooling years, I plan to teach him how to treat others with care and respect—to treat them in the same way he would like them to treat him in return. It was a lesson I greatly valued and was taught by my own parent, as a child. Unfortunately, that is all I have to offer him in this fight, for now.

 

BBC News Article: Bullied daughter Julia Derbyshire ‘just wanted to be loved’

 

Dianne Rapsey-Vanburen, MA
WKPIC Doctoral Intern

Article Review: Bullying, Depression, and Suicide Risk in a Pediatric Primary Care Sample (Kodish, Herres, Shearer, et al, 2016)

Kodish, Herres, and Shearer, et al’s Bullying, Depression, and Suicide Risk in a Pediatric Primary Care Sample seeks to explore what, if any, causal relationship there may be between bullying and the prevalence of suicide among youth aged 14 to 24 years.  Uniquely, their study seeks to identify not only the relationship between bullying and suicide among youth, but also to distinguish between the different types of bullying and their associated effects on suicidal ideation, as well as to explore what role depression may have as a moderating factor between bullying and suicide risk.  Kodish, et al, derived their cohort for study from ten primary care practices located in rural and semi-urban Northeastern Pennsylvania,and used the Behavioral Health Screen (BHS) to arrive at a sample of 5,429 participants.

 

By using the DSM in conjunction with the BHS, the surveyors were able to assess risk for bullying by type (verbal, physical, and/or cyber) as well as the presence of depressive symptoms (using five factors gauged over a two week period), and also included a four item mean from the lifetime suicide scale that included questions to determine if the participant had felt life to be not worth living; had considered suicide; planned to commit suicide; or had attempted suicide.  Controlling for depression and demographics, the collected data was then analyzed to determine what relationship, if any, existed between the types of bullying and suicidal risk levels, as well as testing the interactions between each bullying type and incidences of depression (Kodish, et al, 2016).  It was determined that there is a statistically significant relationship between risk of suicide and all three types of bullying, with a cumulative bullying experience also associated with a heightened risk of suicide.  It should also be noted that significance was recognized between all four bullying factors (verbal, physical, cyber, cumulative) and incidences of depression, with a stronger link between bullying occurrences and suicide severity among patients with depressive symptoms.  While the effects of physical, cyber, and cumulative bullying experiences were found not to be statistically significant with regard to suicide attempts, patients who experienced verbal bullying were shown to be 1.5 times more likely to report a suicide attempt (Kodish, et al, 2016).

 

Overall, it was discovered that all three forms of bullying were linked to suicide risk severity, with the effect being acutely heightened when symptoms of depression were present.  Of the three forms of bullying assessed, it was discovered that verbal bullying had, by far, the most impact, which may be due to it being the most common type reported (25% of the sample cohort reported verbal abuse in bullying situations).  This may be due to the fact that it is usually delivered publicly and in person.  By contrast, physical bullying, which may be painful and socially humiliating, may have a lesser psychological impact than other forms of bullying.  This could be due to any number of factors (“David v Goliath”-type situation, physical confrontation being motivated by racism, etc).  In regards to cyber bullying, the fact that it is usually done anonymously as well as the fact that the Internet is impersonal in nature may have a curtailing effect on the impact of this particular type of bullying.  Depression has been shown in this particular study to definitely be a moderator between bullying and suicide risk, but further study is warranted to determine the overall extent to which this relationship exists, as well as determining the extent of moderation for each type of bullying.

 

Looking at the relationship between bullying, suicidal ideation and the relevance of associated depression provides insight into developing appropriate and effective treatment protocols for those who are most at-risk.  By establishing a solid connection between bullying, suicidal ideation, and depression, the authors have furthered insight into a serious issue facing our youth, and it should be noted that not only does this research benefit those who are bullied, but also those who do the bullying; youth who bully others have been found to be at significantly increased risk for suicide and depression as well.

 

Delving further into these issues will help to improve not only the understanding necessary for addressing the victims of bullying but also to understand what it is that causes a bully to victimize others, thus allowing earlier interventions for prevention of escalation, and ultimately the reversal of those trends that lead to bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation.  The authors note that assessing for these issues during primary care visits is warranted.  Going forward, improving the assessment for these issues through clinical interviews should be a priority for those not only in healthcare occupations, but also those who are likely to have the most social non-parental contact with children (teachers, clergy, etc).

 

Kodish, T., Herres, J., Shearer, A., Atte, T., Fein, J., & Diamond, G. (2016). Bullying, Depression, and Suicide Risk in a Pediatric Primary Care Sample. Crisis, 37(3), 241-246. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000378

 

 

Teresa King
PMHC Doctoral Intern